LESSON 3: Intellectual Revolution that Defined Society


 Color Coding:

TITLES, proponents, dates, important details, places

 

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION:

  • Greek speculation about "nature" 

  • 600-400 BCE 

    • Pre-Socratic 

      • Philosophers active before Socrates 

      • Contemporaries of Socrates (tried to comprehend nature) 

    • Non- Theological 

    • First Philosophy 

 

Three Characteristic Features of Intellectual Revolution: 

 

  1. The world is a natural whole 

    • Everything exists in nature, not made by humans. 

  2. There is a natural "order" 

    • Encompasses the natural relation of beings to one another in the absence of the law 

  3. Humans can discover those laws 

    • Humans are not taught of natural law, but we discover it by consistently making choices of good rather than evil. 


Copernican Intellectual Revolution 

Nicholas (Nicolaus) Copernicus (1473-1543) 

  • A mathematician and astronomer 

  • Heliocentric Model of the Universe 

 

Before- Copernican (Geocentric belief) 

  • "Earth is the true center of all the orbs carrying the heavenly bodies around it and all motions are uniform and unchanging" ~Ptolemy 

 

Darwinian Intellectual Revolution 

Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution: 

  • All organisms are related and have descended from a common ancestor 

  • Natural Selection 

    • Processes that result in the adaptation of an organism to its environment by means of selectively reproducing changes in the genetic constitution. 

  • Survival of the Fittest 

  • It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change. ~Charles Darwin, 1809 

 

Freudian Intellectual Revolution 

Sigmund Freud 

  • Father of psychoanalysis 

  • 20th century most influential 

  • "Rationalizations of people's conduct are therefore disguising the real reasons" 

  • Structural Theory of personality 

    • Role of the unconscious psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality 

    • Human behavior result from the interaction of three component parts of the mind: id, superego, and ego 

      • Id- instinct 

        • Pleasure-seeking principle 

        • Made up of unconscious psychic energy working to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires 

      • Superego- Morality 

        • Morality principle 

        • Composed of people's internalized ideals from parents and society 

      • Ego- Reality 

        • Reality-seeking principle 

        • Meditated the demands of the id, superego, and the reality 

          • Prevent from acting on basic urges (id) and a balance of moral and idealistic standards (superego) 

 

INFORMATION REVOLUTION:

  • Started as early as 3000 BC with Sumerian pictographs (Sumerian Cuneiform) 

  • Gutenberg's Printing Press in 1455 

  • Charles Babbage and Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (designer of the analytical engine and its programmer) early 1830's 

  • Alexander Graham Bell 1870 

  • Alan Turing's work during WW2 

    • British mathematician 

    • Considered "information revolution" as the fourth generation 

    • Fundamental contribution to computer sciences 

    • Turing Test 

      • Testing a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from that of a human 

      • Proposed in a paper published in 1950 by Alan Turing 

      • Father of AI 

 

Four Major Civilization 

 

1. Mesoamerican Civilization 

  • Human presence as early as 21,000 BCE 

  • By 11.000 BCE hunting and gathering communities occupied most of the New World 

  • Agriculture as early as 7000 BCE 

  • Domestication of turkey and dogs 

  • The 3 Sisters: Beans, Corn, Squash 

  • Cacao is used in rituals and trade currency 

  • Cotton and rubber trees for textiles 

  • Cultivation techniques 

    • Crop rotation 

    • Slash-and-burn techniques 

  • Calendar 

    • Haab (civil calendar) 18 months and 20 days each and a total of 30 days for each cycle 

    • Tzolkin 20 months of 13 days each finished cycles- ceremonial purposes 


2. Asian 

  • Weapons and utensils made of bronze and copper 

  • Hinduism and Buddhism 

  • Caste System 

    • Brahmin 

    • Kshatriya 

    • Vaishya 

    • Sudra 

    • Untouchables 

  • Confucianism 


3. Middle East 

  • Known as the "Cradle of Civilization" 

  • First generalized governments and law codes 

  • Creation was based on three proceeds for commercial property, and political records 

 

4. African Civilization 

  • African cavitation 

  • Mathematics 

  • Stonehenge (astronomy) 

  • Astronomy (Dogon people of Mali) 

    • Saturn's ring 

    • Jupiter's moon 

    • Spiral structure of the Milky Way 

    • Orbit of the Sirius star 

      • Sirius A (bright) 

      • Sirius B (invisible) 

    • Their knowledge was from the creatures descendent from Sirius B (nomos who are amphibious)  

  • Metallurgy- branch of science that deals with purity and substance of metal 

  • Great pyramid of Giza 

  • Great Sphinx of Giza 

  • Medicine 

    • Medicine in Nigeria and South Africa was more advanced than medicine in Europe 

    • Use of plants with salicylic acid for pain, kaolin for diarrhea, and extracts that kill gram-positive bacteria 

    • Plants used anticancer properties, caused abortion, and treat malaria 

    • Medical procedures- vaccination, autopsy, limb traction and broken bone setting, bullet removal, brain surgery, skin grafting, filling of dental cavitation, installation of false teeth, anesthesia, and tissue cauterization. 

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