LESSON 2: Science and Technology in the Philippines

 

Color Coding:

TITLES, proponents, dates, important details, places


  1. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

  • Before colonialism

  • Before 1521

BASIS OF PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD:


TRADING :

  • Seashells ornaments and pottery of various designs replaced by Chinese porcelains…

  • Manufacture tools made of copper, gold, and bronze

  • Caracoa- a refined plank-built warship for inter-island trade raids

  • 10th century AD, Butuan, and Mindoro started to trade with Vietnam and China (honeycomb, cotton, pearl, silk, pot, ornaments, needles)

  • Mindanao and Sulu inhabitants traded also with Borneo, Malacca, and the Malay Peninsula

COMMUNITY :

  • Barangays (autonomous communities)

  • Early settlers (homo sapiens; most probably from Malaysia to Palawan and Batangas) (Sulu, Negros, Samar and regions in Luzon)

  • Coastal Areas (Manila, Mindoro, Cebu, Sulu, and Southern Mindanao)- have more sophisticated technology due to exposure to foreign trade and cultural influences.

  • Pieces of artilleries at gates of different houses- they learned to make use of them…

  • Lived in wood, bamboo, or nipa house

OTHER:

  • Spanish Missionaries

  • Sawing, drilling, and polishing stones

  • Agriculture was practiced throughout the country

  • Mining gold

  • Writing, measuring system, counted years by moons.

PEOPLE:

  • Colorful clothes, self-made jewelry, and teeth with ornamented gold

  • Filipino mountain settlers are hunter-gatherers.

  • Superstitious beliefs


  1. SPANISH REGIME

  • Period of complex technological innovations

  • Religious orders

Politics:

  • Reduccion system: Group far-flung, scattered barangays into fewer but larger and more compact towns.

  • Centralized political control 

    • Tribute tax 

    • Compulsory labor services 

    • Compulsory sale of local products

Education:

  • Established with the help of religious orders

  • Primary education- religious in nature

  • Higher education- accessible to the elite

  • JESUITS:

    • Colegio de San Idelfonso, Cebu City (1595)

    • Colegio de San Ignacio, Manila (1595) 

    • Ateneo de Manila (1859)

  • DOMINICANS:

    • University OF Sto. Tomas, Manila (1611) 

    • Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Manila (1640) 

  • Filipino students who studied in Europe for professional advancement:

    • Jose Rizal 

    • Graciano Apacible 

    • Antonio Luna 

    • Jose Alejandrino

Medicine:

  • Spanish missionaries wrote about Philippines plants (with medicinal values) (Manual de Medicinas Caseras)

  • Leon Ma. Guerrero (first BS Pharmacy graduate)

  • In 1887, the Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila was established (public health purposes and clinal/medico-legal cases.

Agriculture: 

  • Philippine exportation of agricultural products started to increase when Manila was opened in 1789 to Asian Shipping.

  • Manila School of Agriculture- established in 1887 and opened in 1889 (provide theoretical and practical education to farmers and promote cultural development

Economy: 

  • Spanish colonizers largely depended on profits from the Galleon (or Manila-Acapulco) trade (1565-1813) 

  • Chinese goods were brought to Latin America from Manila to Manila from Japan

  • Direct involvement in the Galleon was limited to Spanish occupants of Manila. 

  • Chinese traders profited by acting as packers, middlemen, and retailers

  • Bourbon dynasty (18th century)-> enterprising country’s mineral wealth

  • Operation of Foreign capital (weaving, embroidery, hat making, Carriage manufacture, Cigar and cigarette making, and rope making)

  • Modern facilities -> introduced in Manila by the second half of the 19th century

  • 1st Bank (Bank of the Philippine Island)

  • 1st newspaper (La Independencia)


  1. AMERICAN REGIME:

  • It marked the rapid advancement of science and technology 

  • Contributing factors were the following:

1. Encouragement and support of the government for an extensive public education system

2. Scholarship grants in science and engineering

3. Organization and establishment of science research agencies

4. Establishment of science-based public services

  • Specifically, these help in the development of Science and Technology.

    • Secularized public education

    • Department of Public Instruction was established- free primary education with English as the medium of instruction

    • Philippine Normal School- the training ground for Filipino teachers

    • Secondary schools were opened in 1902 

    • Establishment of professional and technical institutions 

    • Advanced training abroad by qualified Filipinos leads to the replacement of foreign faculty in the country.

    • High school students were given financial support to take teaching, engineering, medical and law courses in the US was passed by the Philippine Commission (PC) in exchange for public service

    • Demand for professional education increased. 

    • University of the Philippines (UP) wasn’t able to handle the demand. 

    • Private education became an alternative 

    • The Private School Act (Act No.276) in 1917 recognized private schools as educational institutions not commercially supervised by 1 superintendent, assistant superintendent, and 2 supervisors. 

    • Office of the Private Education was established to monitor improvement in educational machinery

    • Bureau of Government Laboratories created in 1901 by the PC was renamed and reorganized as Bureau of Science- primary research institution


Different offices that were organized: 

1. Bureau of Health 

2. Bureau of Mines 

3. Bureau of Forestry 

4. Bureau of Agriculture 

5. Weather Bureau 

6. Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey 

7. Bureau of Plant Industry 

8. Bureau of Animal Industry

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