Lesson 1: History of SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORLD

 

 Color Coding: 

TITLES, proponents, dates, important details 

 
 

  1. ANCIENT AGE: THREE-AGE SYSTEM 

  • - considered as the categorization of history into a time period.  

  • - is an excellent way to organize ancient history. 

  • - The National Museum of Denmark shows the evidence. Established in the early 19th Century.  

  • - Christian Jurgensen Thomsen- was the originator of the three-age system of European antiquity.

  • - Three major categorizations are; The Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. 

  • - The artifacts are classified based on the materials they were made of. 

      STONE AGE: 

  • - Weapons are made of stone, wood, and bones 

  • - Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic 

  • - John Lubbock introduced 2 divisions of the Stone Age; the Paleolithic and Neolithic in his book “Pre-historic Times” 

  • - John Allen Brown then introduced the division, Mesolithic.  


  • Old Stone = Paleolithic, Middle Stone = Mesolithic, New Stone = Neolithic 


Old Stone (Paleolithic) 

    • Longest phase in the Stone Age.  
    • Humans evolved from Ape-like beings to Homo sapiens 
    • Consist of (unprocessed) tools such as stones, flints, bones, and antlers.  
    • Most of the people are hunters/gatherers. 
    • People lived in small bands. They were also called Nomads (no permanent place, travels), and Semi-nomads (usually stay inside caves) 

 Lower Paleolithic: 

  • Age of human evolution (Homo erectus) 

  • Development of simple tools 

 Middle Paleolithic: 

  • Cultural Development (painting the dead before burial) 

  • Evolution of Neanderthal men 

  • Uses fire 

 Upper Paleolithic: 

  • Evolution of Homo sapiens 

  • Sculptures were made (e.g. Venus of Willendorf) 

 

Middle Stone (Mesolithic) 

    •  Introduction of Agriculture 
    • Use microliths for hunting (arrow ends, usually with poison) 


New Stone (Neolithic)

    • Cultural and technological development based on agriculture. 
    • No longer nomads 
    • Domestication of plants and animals. 

 

BRONZE AGE:  

  • - started when weapons were made of copper and bronze.  

  • - accidentally discovered the process of smelting.  

     bronze= copper + tin 


IRON AGE:  

                     - Iron was used as a material for the majority of the tools.  

                    - Medieval age: (Dark and High Middle Ages) 

Technological Contributions of CHINA: 

  • Paper 
  • Seismograph 
  • Watermills and different machines 
  • Rockets and Gun powders 
  • Printing press 
  • Compass 

 

  1. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 

  • - Period of great scientific achievements 

      1. Universal Model (by Nicholas Copernicus) 

  • - Sun is the center of the universe (Heliocentric) 

          - Distance from the sun determines the arrangement of the planets and stars. 

  • - The geocentric model of the universe by Ptolemy of Alexandria was proven false. 

     2. Law of Planetary Motion (by Johannes Kepler) 

  • All planets revolve around the sun in elliptical conditions and those closer planets to the sun move faster than the others. 

     3. Work of Motion (by Galileo Galilei) 

  • Distance, velocity, acceleration, and the law of inertia

     4. Law of Motion (by Isaac Newton) 

  • First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)  

  • Second Law of Motion  

  • Third Law of Motion 

     5. Law of Universal Gravitation (by Isaac Newton) 

  • Particles in the universe attract every other universal particle using a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely to the square of the distance between their centers. 

 
 

  1. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 

  • - Period of complex technological innovations  

- Substitutions of machines and inanimate power for human skill and human/animal forces 

 
 

  1. INFORMATION AGE OR DIGITAL AGE: 

  • Digital Age or New Media Age 


  • INFORMATION/COMPUTERIZATION AGE: 

 Pre-Gutenberg World: 

  • Book-related, written information. 

  • Restricted only to people who can afford it 

  • Information was relayed through a word-of-mouth channel 

 The Gutenberg Revolution: 

  • Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type printing.  

 Post-Gutenberg World: 

  • The emergence of the internet and the world wide web. 

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